Data

Operations

PHP

Arithmetic Operators

PHP 5

// assume $a=5, $b=2 for each line.

$val = $a + $b;  // $val -> 7
$val = $a - $b;  // $val -> 3
$val = $a * $b;  // $val -> 10
$val = $a / $b;  // $val -> 2.5
$val = $a % $b;  // $val -> 1
$val = $a++;     // $val -> 5 then $a -> 6
$val = ++$a;     // $a -> 6 then $val -> 6
$val = $b--;     // $val -> 2 then $b -> 1
$val = --$b;     // $b -> 1 then $val -> 1
$val = $a**$b;   // $val -> 25

+     sums left and right
-     subtracts right from left
*     multiplies left and right
/     divides left and right
%     reminder of the left divided by right
x++   returns x and then increments x by 1
++x   increments x by 1 and then returns x
x--   returns x and then decrements x by 1
--x   decrements x by 1 and then returns x **    raise of left to power of right

Comparison Operators

PHP 5

// assume $a=5, $b=2 for each line.

$val = ($a == $b);     // $val -> false
$val = ($a === $b);    // $val -> false
$val = ($a != $b);     // $val -> true
$val = ($a !== $b);    // $val -> true
$val = ($a > $b);      // $val -> true
$val = ($a >= $b);     // $val -> true
$val = ($a < $b);      // $val -> false
$val = ($a <= $b);     // $val -> false

==    is left and right equal
===   is left and right have same type and equal
!=    is left and right different
!==   is left and right have different type or value
>     is left bigger than right
>=    is left bigger or equal than right
<     is left smaller than right
<=    is left smaller or equal than right

PHP does implicit conversions between value types when necessary. By using === and !== you can make sure that on comparing values, the types of the values are considered too.

"2" == 2   // true  
"2" === 2  // false

Spaceship Operator

PHP 7

// assume $a=5, $b=2

$val = ($a <=> $b);  // $val -> 1

<=> This comparison operator returns:

1 if left is greater than right
0 if left is equal to right
-1 if left is less than right

Logical Operators

PHP 5

// assume $yes=true, $no=false for each line.

$val = ($no && $no);       // $val -> false
$val = ($no && $yes);      // $val -> false
$val = ($yes && $no);      // $val -> false
$val = ($yes && $yes);     // $val -> true

$val = ($no and $no);      // $val -> false
$val = ($no and $yes);     // $val -> false
$val = ($yes and $no);     // $val -> false
$val = ($yes and $yes);    // $val -> true

$val = ($no || $no);       // $val -> false
$val = ($no || $yes);      // $val -> true
$val = ($yes || $no);      // $val -> true
$val = ($yes || $yes);     // $val -> true

$val = ($no or $no);       // $val -> false
$val = ($no or $yes);      // $val -> true
$val = ($yes or $no);      // $val -> true
$val = ($yes or $yes);     // $val -> true

$val = ($no xor $no);      // $val -> false
$val = ($no xor $yes);     // $val -> true
$val = ($yes xor $no);     // $val -> true
$val = ($yes xor $yes);    // $val -> false

$val = (!$yes);           // $val -> false
$val = (!$no);            // $val -> true

&&   logical and of left and right
and  logical and of left and right
||   logical or of left and right
or   logical or of left and right
xor  logical xor of left and right
!    logical not of its right operand

The reason for the two different variations of and, or operators is that they operate at different precedences.

Bitwise Operators

PHP 5

$a=5;     // 0000 0101
$b=12;    // 0000 1100

$val = ($a & $b);  // $val -> 4  (0000 0100)
$val = ($a | $b);  // $val -> 13 (0000 1101)
$val = ($a ^ $b);  // $val -> 9  (0000 1001)
$val = (~$b);      // $val ->-13 (1111 0011)
$val = ($b<<2);    // $val -> 48 (0011 0000)
$val = ($b>>2);    // $val -> 3  (0000 0011)

&   bitwise and of left and right
|   bitwise or of left and right
^   bitwise xor or left and right
~   bitwise one complement of right operand
<<  bitwise left shift of left in amount of right
>>  bitwise right shift of left in amount of right

Assignment Operators

PHP 5

// assume $a=5, $b=2 for each line.

$val = ($a = $b);     // $val -> $a -> 2
$val = ($a += $b);    // $val -> $a -> 7
$val = ($a -= $b);    // $val -> $a -> 3
$val = ($a *= $b);    // $val -> $a -> 10
$val = ($a /= $b);    // $val -> $a -> 2.5
$val = ($a %= $b);    // $val -> $a -> 1
$val = ($a <<= $b);   // $val -> $a -> 20
$val = ($a >>= $b);   // $val -> $a -> 1
$val = ($a &= $b);    // $val -> $a -> 0
$val = ($a |= $b);    // $val -> $a -> 7
$val = ($a ^= $b);    // $val -> $a -> 7

=    assigns left to right
+=   assigns left to sum of left and right
-=   assigns left to subtract of right from left
*=   assigns left to multiplication of left and right
/=   assigns left to division of left to right
%=   assigns left to reminder of left divided to right
<<=  assigns left to rightShift of left to value right
>>=  assigns left to leftShift of left to value right
&=   assigns left to bitwise and left and right
|=   assigns left to bitwise or left and right
^=   assigns left to bitwise xor left and right